Social dreaming matrix

1. Introduction

Version followed: the Tavistock Social Dreaming Matrix (SDM) of W. Gordon Lawrence (first run with Patricia Daniel at the Tavistock, 1982), as set out in Lawrence (ed.) Social Dreaming @ Work (1998), Experiences in Social Dreaming (2003), Introduction to Social Dreaming (2005) and Infinite Possibilities of Social Dreaming (2007), and as described today by the Tavistock Institute and the Social Dreaming International Network (SDiN), which continued the work of the Gordon Lawrence Foundation after that foundation closed in 2018. Where later practitioners vary the method, the variant is named. [source: Tavistock Institute, "Social dreaming: an introduction"; Tavistock Institute SDiN news page]

Read this first: social dreaming is not a psychotherapy. It is a method of collective inquiry and action research. Its authors present it as non-therapeutic and non-interpretive, and it has no treatment manual, diagnosis, or phases of change. Below are the procedures its authors and the institutions that carry it on describe. Clinical uses (for example in a clinic team, a training group, or a conference) are marked [synthesis]. [source: ISLC 2023 SDM description; Group Analytic Society, "Social Dreaming Matrix"]

What it is: a number of people (any size, face to face or online) sit in a "matrix" rather than a group. They offer the dreams they remember, and the free associations those dreams set off, to the matrix as a whole. The focus is on "the dream, not the dreamer". A reflection session follows, in which participants step back, look for patterns, and form working hypotheses about the shared social context. [source: Tavistock Institute introduction; Tavistock Institute "Social dreaming" approach page; psychologyofsailing.com SDM page]

Its idea of how change happens: dreams carry traces of the social world (organisation, community, politics), not only of the private psyche. When dreams are linked by free association and amplification, rather than interpreted, the matrix reaches what the system knows but has not yet thought. Practitioners link this to Bollas's "unthought known", Bion's thoughts in search of a thinker, and Winnicott's play. The "change" is a change in thinking: new links and hypotheses that participants can carry back into their roles. Lawrence names the stance the "Sphinx" (the social, knowledge, the enigma) as opposed to "Oedipus" (the personal, family, individual). [source: Group Analytic Society page; Tavistock Institute introduction; Baglioni & Fubini 2018 chapter abstract ("Sphinx perspective"); Lawrence 2005 (book not drawn on) [uncertain on exact wording]]

2. Framework

Social dreaming has no treatment phases. It is an event structure with time-bounded components. The criteria for moving from one component to the next are boundaries (the clock and the stated task), not client readiness. [source: Tavistock Institute introduction; ISLC 2023]

Session count. A single matrix (for example one conference morning) is common. Conferences often run a matrix on each of 3 mornings. Lawrence's programmes ran matrices daily over several days, followed by Dialogues and Consultation Sets, and some were repeated yearly. Ongoing monthly matrices also exist (SDiN and Tavistock offerings). Monthly frequency is [uncertain]. [source: La Nave 2014; Armstrong 1998 abstract]

Size and staffing. Two or more hosts, one of whom often records the dreams in sequence. A volunteer may transcribe. The matrix can take any number of participants. [source: Tavistock introduction; ISLC 2023; psychologyofsailing.com]

3. Guiding principles

[source for this section unless marked: Tavistock Institute introduction and approach page; ISLC 2023; Group Analytic Society page; psychologyofsailing.com]

• Dream, not dreamer. Once a dream is spoken, it belongs to the matrix. Practical meaning: never ask about the dreamer's life, and steer any comment about the person back to the image.
• Matrix, not group. The term (proposed by Patricia Daniel) is meant to avoid group-relations dynamics such as transference, authority and pairing. Practical meaning: do not interpret the here-and-now relationships in the room. Name a drift into group dynamics only to return to the dreams.
• No interpretation. Interpretation can "prematurely close down" the process (ISLC 2023). Lawrence: "the movement within the Matrix is not to interpret the dream" (quoted on Research Catalogue page). Practical meaning: you offer associations, links and hypotheses, never meanings.
• Free association and amplification are the currency. Practical meaning: invite any image, memory, feeling, song, film or story that comes. No association is wrong.
• Multiplicity of meaning. A dream has many meanings, and the work keeps them open ("multiversity" of meaning). Practical meaning: resist closure even when a theme seems obvious. [source: Tavistock introduction; Routledge description of Lawrence 2007]
• Social, not personal, meaning. Dreams are treated as a window on the shared context (organisation, society, the conference theme). Practical meaning: frame hypotheses about "this system" or "our world", never about an individual.
• Look at each dream as new. Lawrence's pebble image: the dream "finds itself in the centre of your universe" (via Tavistock approach page). Practical meaning: stay with the concrete images before linking.
• Hosts, not therapists or conductors. Hosts manage boundaries (time, task, confidentiality, protection from intrusion) and lead by modelling. Practical meaning: keep your own contributions sparse and associative, and do not treat anyone. [source: Tavistock introduction]
• Form matches mental space. The snowflake seating supports being "alone in the presence of others" (Winnicott). Practical meaning: set the room deliberately; it is part of the method.
• Voluntary, democratic, no experts. Anyone may come, including people with no dream to offer. Practical meaning: never call on people; welcome silence.
• Practice shapes theory. SDiN presenters stress that the practice informs theory, not the reverse (IAGP webinar page). Practical meaning: trust the matrix's own material over your theoretical frame.
• Separate matrix from reflection. Associative thinking in the matrix and conscious, hypothesis-forming thinking in the DRD are kept in different spaces. Practical meaning: hold back synthesis until the reflection session.

4. Intervention inventory

The "interventions" here are host actions and participant methods inside an event, not treatment techniques. Items 1 to 13 are core Lawrence/Tavistock practice. Items 14 to 16 are programme extensions. Item 17 lists practitioner variants that are not Lawrence's method. All example language is illustrative unless quoted. [source: as tagged per item]

1. Contracting and preparation

• Purpose: Agree the task, the setting and what will happen to the material before anyone dreams for the matrix. This matters most in organisations, where hierarchy and confidentiality are live. [source: Tavistock introduction (boundaries of task and confidentiality); ISLC 2023 (transcript use)]
• Steps: (1) With the sponsor, agree a task linked to the context, for example "our organisation now" or a conference theme. (2) Decide who will attend. In an organisation, decide whether managers attend with staff [synthesis]. (3) Agree what will be recorded, who sees the record, and whether it is anonymised and returned to participants to amend (ISLC model). (4) Send a short written invitation covering the task, the timings, that no dream is needed to attend, and the recall tips in item 2. (5) Book two or more hosts, one of whom records.
• Example language (illustrative): "The matrix is not therapy and nobody's dreams will be interpreted. Dreams and associations will be recorded without names, and you'll see the record and can amend it before it goes anywhere."
• Watch for: sponsors who expect a diagnosis of staff, or a report naming people. Renegotiate or decline [synthesis]. It is working if participants arrive knowing the task and the confidentiality terms.

2. Dream-recall priming

• Purpose: Increase the number of dreams remembered and brought. [source: ISLC 2023]
• Steps: Advise participants to (1) go to sleep intending to dream and remember; (2) keep paper and pen by the bed; (3) on waking, lie still and recall before moving; (4) write the dream down quickly; (5) come to the matrix directly, "as if half asleep"; (6) come even with no dream, since dreams are often recalled in the matrix itself.
• Example language (illustrative): "If you wake with a fragment, keep still for a moment before you reach for it. Any fragment is welcome, and so is no dream at all."
• Watch for: pressure to perform. It is working if fragments and "I'd forgotten this until now" dreams appear.

3. Setting the room: snowflake seating

• Purpose: A physical form that supports associative thinking and weakens face-to-face group dynamics. [source: Tavistock introduction; psychologyofsailing.com; Carvalho et al. (SAJAT); ISLC 2023]
• Steps: (1) Arrange chairs in short clusters or arms radiating from the centre, star- or snowflake-like. Chairs face various directions so that eye contact is limited and no one faces the hosts as a front. (2) Hosts sit within the pattern, not in a privileged position. (3) Leave space to rearrange into a circle for the reflection. (4) If the room makes a snowflake impossible, use spirals or offset clusters. Avoid a plain circle, which invites group dynamics. [source: Tavistock introduction (circle and spiral associations avoided); Cultural Daily pt 1 (spiral/circle as alternatives)] [uncertain: practitioners differ]
• Example language (illustrative): "The chairs are set so that you won't be looking at one another. Speak into the room rather than to a person."
• Watch for: participants turning their chairs to face each other, a sign of a pull toward "group". It is working if people speak "into the space" and silences feel reflective rather than awkward.

4. Opening statement of task

• Purpose: Establish the task, the boundaries and the stance. [source: Tavistock introduction (every matrix begins with a statement of task; one host opens and introduces the sequence)]
• Steps: (1) Start exactly on time. (2) Name the hosts and the recorder. (3) State the task. The Tavistock example task is to transform the thinking of dreams by free association, finding links and new thoughts. (4) State the boundaries: time, confidentiality, recording, focus on the dream rather than the dreamer, no interpretation. (5) Name the sequence (matrix, pause, reflection). (6) Then invite the first dream (item 5). Keep it to a few minutes [synthesis].
• Example language (illustrative): "For the next 45 minutes our task is to share dreams and whatever they bring to mind, and to see what links emerge. We'll attend to the dreams, not to who dreamed them, and we won't interpret. Afterwards we'll rearrange the chairs and reflect together."
• Watch for: a long or theoretical opening, which casts the host as an expert [synthesis]. It is working if the first dream comes within a few minutes.

5. Inviting the first dream

• Purpose: Move the matrix into dreaming. [source: Tavistock introduction ("invites the first dream with an open question")]
• Steps: (1) Ask a single open question. (2) Wait. Silence at the start is normal. (3) Do not name or call on anyone.
• Example language (illustrative): "Who has the first dream?" or "Whatever dream is around, the matrix is open."
• Watch for: a host filling the silence with their own dream too early, which can set the tone. A host's dream is acceptable later if it serves the matrix [uncertain: practice varies]. It is working if a dream is offered without coaxing.

6. Receiving and recording dreams

• Purpose: Hold the material and the sequence, and create data for reflection and later use. [source: Tavistock introduction (a host may record the dream sequence); ISLC 2023 (live transcription; anonymised transcript returned for amendment); Cultural Daily pt 2]
• Steps: (1) The recorder notes each dream and association in order, without names, in brief verbatim form. (2) Other hosts receive each dream without comment or with a brief acknowledgement, then leave space. (3) The record is used in the reflection session (item 13) and afterwards (item 15).
• Example language (illustrative): No words are needed. If something is unclear: "Could you say that image again?" Ask about the image, never about the dreamer.
• Watch for: clarifying questions that drift into the dreamer's life ("Who was the man, your father?"). It is working if the record captures the chain of images and associations.

7. Free association (participant method, host-modelled)

• Purpose: The core way of thinking with dreams. Each offering is whatever a dream evokes: another dream, an image, memory, feeling or thought. [source: Tavistock introduction; ISLC 2023; Group Analytic Society; Cultural Daily pt 1]
• Steps: (1) In the opening, invite participants to offer associations to any dream, not only their own. (2) Hosts model this by offering associations rather than questions or explanations. (3) When someone offers an interpretation, receive it and re-invite association (item 10).
• Example language (illustrative): "What comes to mind with that image of the flooded corridor?" Modelling: "I'm reminded of a dream where the ward had no doors."
• Watch for: associations that turn into personal narrative or therapy-like disclosure. It is working if new dreams arise in response to earlier ones, which is the sign of a matrix linking.

8. Amplification

• Purpose: Widen a dream's narrative with cultural parallels (myth, film, literature, art, news, history) without closing it down. [source: Tavistock introduction; La Nave 2014; Research Catalogue page]
• Steps: (1) Invite cultural echoes as well as personal ones. (2) Hosts may offer an amplification sparingly, framed as one association among many. (3) Do not let an amplification become "the answer".
• Example language (illustrative): "That walled city brings to mind Calvino's Invisible Cities."
• Watch for: erudite one-upmanship, or a host's amplification taken as authoritative. It is working if amplifications open further dreams rather than settling the meaning.

9. Noticing and naming links between dreams

• Purpose: Help the matrix see recurring images and patterns across dreamers. Hosts may "notice and name links". [source: Tavistock introduction; ISLC 2023 (hosts make associations and links, name themes)]
• Steps: (1) Track recurring images across dreams (water, buildings, animals, children, authority figures, borders). (2) Name a link briefly and without explanation. (3) Return to the material.
• Example language (illustrative): "There have been several dreams of rooms without exits."
• Watch for: linking too early, which turns hosts into interpreters. It is working if participants begin to offer links themselves.

10. Returning to the dream (from dreamer, interpretation or group)

• Purpose: Keep the boundary of "dream, not dreamer" and of matrix versus group. Hosts must avoid colluding with the pull toward ordinary group processes and help the matrix re-engage with the dreaming task. [source: Tavistock introduction; psychologyofsailing.com (host discourages interpretation of any dream in terms of the individual); Group Analytic Society (no work with here-and-now transference)]
• Steps: (1) When someone asks the dreamer a personal question, interprets a dream as being about the dreamer, or addresses another participant directly, intervene briefly. (2) Do not explain at length. (3) Re-invite associations to the image. (4) If it recurs, a short reminder of the task is enough.
• Example language (illustrative): "Let's leave the dreamer out of it. What does the image of the locked car bring to mind?" or "We've moved into talking with each other. Is there a dream around?"
• Watch for: hosts (especially therapists) making transference interpretations or offering empathic comments to the dreamer. Both pull the matrix into a group. It is working if the matrix returns to dreams within a turn or two.

11. Systemic thinking and tentative working hypotheses

• Purpose: Relate the emerging dream material to the shared context (organisation, institution, society, conference theme). Hosts may offer tentative observations about emerging themes as working hypotheses. [source: Tavistock introduction; La Nave 2014 (method used to "research the condition of systems"); Baglioni & Fubini 2018 abstract (linked fragments generate working hypotheses)]
• Steps: (1) In the matrix, keep hypotheses rare, provisional and framed as questions about the system, not people. (2) Save fuller hypothesis-building for the reflection (item 14). (3) Hold more than one hypothesis.
• Example language (illustrative): "I wonder whether these dreams of crumbling buildings say something about how this organisation feels after the restructure."
• Watch for: hypotheses that blame a person or subgroup, or that are "proved" and closed. It is working if participants add, contest and extend the hypotheses with further dreams.

12. Working with silence and process

• Purpose: Respond to the matrix drying up, speeding up or stalling. Hosts may point out process features, and sometimes silence is the most effective response. [source: Tavistock introduction]
• Steps: (1) Let silences run. A matrix often resumes on its own. (2) If dreams dry up for a long time, name it neutrally once. (3) Avoid reassurance or teaching. (4) If a host has a dream or association that is genuinely present, it can be offered [uncertain: practice varies].
• Example language (illustrative): "The dreams seem to have gone quiet." or simply silence.
• Watch for: your own anxiety driving interventions. It is working if silence gives way to new material rather than to group chat.

13. Closing the matrix and pausing

• Purpose: Hold the time boundary and mark the shift from associative to reflective thinking. [source: Tavistock introduction (time boundary); ISLC 2023 (pause, then chairs rearranged)]
• Steps: (1) End exactly on time, even mid-flow. (2) Thank the matrix briefly with no summary. (3) Call a short pause. (4) Rearrange chairs into one large circle, or two smaller circles if numbers require.
• Example language (illustrative): "It's time. We'll stop the matrix here, take a short break, and set the chairs in a circle for the reflection."
• Watch for: a dream offered at the last second. Note it for the record and do not extend [synthesis]. It is working if people leave the matrix still carrying material for the reflection.

14. Dream Reflection Dialogue (DRD)

• Purpose: A more conscious, reflective session. Participants step back from the matrix, identify feelings and leading themes, link dream imagery to waking life and the social context, and form tentative hypotheses. Some practitioners also reflect on the method itself. [source: ISLC 2023; La Nave 2014 (small-group conversations identifying feelings and thematic trends); Group Analytic Society ("Social Dialogue and Reflection"); psychologyofsailing.com]
• Steps: (1) Sit in a circle, or in small groups for large numbers, each reporting back. (2) Open with a broad invitation. (3) If a recorder was used, the recorder can read out the sequence of images or headline themes. Reading dreams back "as one continuous dream" is a practitioner variant (Cultural Daily pt 2), not confirmed as Lawrence's practice [uncertain]. (4) Invite themes, feelings, surprises and links to the context. (5) Hosts help translate images into working hypotheses about the system, holding several at once. (6) Close on time. Optionally ask whether and how the hypotheses can be carried into roles.
• Example language (illustrative): "Looking back on the matrix, what stays with you? What might these dreams be telling us about our situation now?"
• Watch for: the DRD sliding into interpreting individual dreams or dreamers, or into a debrief of how the group felt about each other. Return to the system level. It is working if hypotheses emerge that participants recognise as new and useful about their shared context.

15. Record, transcript and feedback

• Purpose: Turn the material into data and into feedback for participants and the system without breaching confidentiality. [source: ISLC 2023; Tavistock approach page (action research, organisational development); Armstrong 1998 abstract]
• Steps: (1) Produce an anonymised transcript or summary of dreams, associations and DRD hypotheses. (2) Return it to participants to amend. (3) Only then use it as agreed in the contract: as a research paper, programme material, or feedback to the organisation framed as working hypotheses. [contract steps: synthesis]
• Example language (illustrative): "Here's the record without names. Please correct anything and tell us if something shouldn't go further."
• Watch for: identifiable details in dreams (names, specific incidents), and sponsors using the material to evaluate staff. It is working if participants endorse the record and the system engages with the hypotheses.

16. Programme extensions

• Purpose: Carry dream-derived thinking into work roles over a longer programme.
• What the sources show: (a) Armstrong's account of Lawrence's late-1980s programmes: a Social Dreaming Matrix, then Dialogues, then Mutual Consultation Sets (later renamed Systemic Consultation Sets), in which participants brought current work experiences from their organisations [source: Armstrong 1998 chapter abstract]. (b) Lawrence 2007 has chapters on a "Dream Reflection Group" and "Creative Role Synthesis", and on the organisation as a container for dreams [source: Routledge table of contents]. Their procedures are not drawn on [uncertain]. (c) Online matrices go back to Lawrence 1998 (a chapter on an on-line applied matrix). Current SDiN practice includes online matrices [source: Routledge 1998 table of contents; psychologyofsailing.com].
• Steps: Not specified in the sources. Do not improvise a "Creative Role Synthesis" procedure. Consult Lawrence 2007 before using it [uncertain].
• Watch for: extensions turning into consultancy advice-giving detached from the dream material [synthesis].

17. Practitioner variants (not Lawrence's core method)

These are named so you can recognise them. They are not part of the Tavistock/Lawrence version followed here. [source: Cultural Daily pt 1 & 2; Research Catalogue page; La Nave 2014]

• A relaxation induction before the matrix, and a two-minute warning before sharing ends.
• Reading all dreams back as one continuous dream during reflection.
• The group "dream council" adapted from Stephen Aizenstat: small objects stand for dream images and are moved in turns.
• Expressive follow-ups such as drawing, image-making, sand tray, masks or psychodrama. In arts-therapy settings these appear within or after the DRD.
• Calling the convener a "taker" rather than a host (Group Analytic Society page). If you use any of these, say so to participants and in any write-up [synthesis].

5. Handling problems

The sources say little about difficulties beyond the pull to group dynamics, silence, interpretation and initial anxiety. Most of what follows is marked [synthesis]. Because social dreaming is not a treatment, adherence, homework and therapeutic ruptures in the usual sense do not apply. Their equivalents are covered below.

• No dreams, long opening silence ("stuck"). Expected, especially in a first matrix. Wait. Repeat the open invitation once. Remind people that fragments and dreams from earlier nights are welcome. Do not call on people. [source: Tavistock introduction; ISLC 2023; Cultural Daily pt 2 (initial self-consciousness)] For repeat events, send the recall tips again (item 2) [synthesis].
• Drift into group dynamics (talking to each other, debating, commenting on the hosts or on who has spoken). Name it briefly and return to dreams (item 10). Do not interpret it as transference. [source: Tavistock introduction; Group Analytic Society]
• Interpretation of the dreamer, or a dreamer asking "What does my dream mean about me?" Decline gently. The matrix does not offer personal meaning. Invite associations instead. If the person is troubled, offer a brief word after the event and signpost to personal therapy if appropriate. [source: psychologyofsailing.com (no personal interpretation)] [signposting: synthesis]
• Therapist participants and hosts slipping into clinical mode (empathic reflections, questions about the dreamer's history, Freudian readings). In the opening, ask participants to set aside dream theory. In your own hosting, check every intervention: is it an association, a link, a boundary or a hypothesis? If not, hold it back. [source: Group Analytic Society (set aside prior frameworks, especially wish-based readings)] [self-check: synthesis]
• Overwhelm or distress (a nightmare, trauma content, someone in tears, "dream-worker's panic" on entering unconscious material). Anxiety at the threshold is expected and need not be avoided [source: Cultural Daily pt 2, citing Bosnak]. If an individual is acutely distressed, the host's boundary role includes safety: acknowledge it briefly without exploring content, and let the person step out or take a pause. One host checks in privately afterwards. Stay with the image level in the matrix, for example "Images of violence are in the matrix now" (illustrative) [synthesis]. If risk to self is disclosed, step out of the host role and follow standard clinical risk assessment and local safeguarding procedures [synthesis].
• Unwanted personal disclosure. Do not follow it up in the matrix. Return to the image. Make sure it is removed from the record at amendment (item 15) [synthesis].
• "Resistance": scepticism, mockery, refusing the frame. Do not argue for the method. Hold the boundaries, treat sceptical remarks as associations if they carry imagery, and invite reflection on the method in the DRD (ISLC includes reflecting on the method) [source: ISLC 2023] [stance: synthesis].
• Dominant participant or a long dream monologue. Let a long dream be told. If someone repeatedly fills the space with non-dream talk, use one boundary intervention: "Let's leave room for other dreams" (illustrative) [synthesis].
• Hierarchy and power in organisational matrices. Staff may censor dreams about leaders, and leaders may dominate. Contract beforehand about who attends and what happens to the record. Keep hypotheses at the system level. Never feed back attributable content [source: Tavistock introduction (confidentiality, protection from intrusion)] [specifics: synthesis].
• Dreams about the hosts or the sponsor. Treat them like any other dream: associate and link, and at most frame them in the DRD as a hypothesis about authority in the system. Do not interpret them as personal transference [synthesis].
• Hosts' own anxiety or collusion (over-talking, early linking, rescuing silences). Use two or more hosts and debrief between sessions. Hosts can reflect on their own dreams about the event as data [source: Tavistock introduction (avoid collusion)] [debrief: synthesis].
• Mixing roles with your own therapy clients. Avoid running matrices that include your current individual or group therapy clients. The matrix's non-therapeutic frame and the confidentiality of therapy conflict. If you use social dreaming in a clinical service, run it for staff or trainees, or as a clearly separate, consented activity [synthesis].
• Fragile participants. The method is designed for non-clinical participants. If you consider it with patient populations (for example in a therapeutic community), screen for psychosis, acute trauma and dissociation, use shorter matrices, plan extra support, and get supervision from an experienced SDiN host [synthesis] [uncertain: no primary guidance found].
• Online matrices. Ask participants to turn off self-view and speak into the space rather than to faces. Agree microphone etiquette and a back-channel for distress. Do not record without explicit consent [synthesis]. Lawrence published on an online matrix as early as 1998, but its procedure is not drawn on [uncertain].
• Ending mid-flow, frustration at no conclusion. Keep the time boundary. Name the lack of closure in the DRD as part of the method (multiple meanings stay open) [source: Tavistock introduction] [framing: synthesis].

Sources

Sources:

• Social dreaming: an introduction — Tavistock Institute of Human Relations
• Social dreaming (approach page) — Tavistock Institute
• The Social Dreaming International Network (SDiN) & the Tavistock Institute
• Social Dreaming Matrix description, ISLC 2023 (Copenhagen Business School)
• Social Dreaming Matrix — Group Analytic Society International
• What is a Social Dreaming Matrix? — psychologyofsailing.com
• About Social Dreaming — Research Catalogue
• La Nave, Social Dreaming Workshop — ATOL: Art Therapy OnLine (Goldsmiths)
• South African Journal of Arts Therapies article using a snowflake matrix (UJ)
• Dreaming in the 21st Century: Social Dreaming, Part One — Cultural Daily
• Dreaming in the 21st Century: Social Dreaming, Part Two — Cultural Daily
• Armstrong, "Thinking aloud: contributions to three dialogues" (chapter abstract) — Taylor & Francis
• Baglioni & Fubini, "Social dreaming" in Socioanalytic Methods (chapter abstract) — Taylor & Francis
• Social Dreaming @ Work (contents) — Routledge
• Infinite Possibilities of Social Dreaming (contents) — Routledge
• Manley, "How It All Began" (chapter abstract) — Springer
• Balogh & Getz, Dreaming across continents (abstract) — Action Research
• The Evolution of Social Dreaming webinar — IAGP
• Introduction to Social Dreaming (catalogue record, access-restricted) — Internet Archive

Further reading (not drawn on; content known only via the sources above) [uncertain]:

• Lawrence, W. G. (ed.) (1998). Social Dreaming @ Work. London: Karnac.
• Lawrence, W. G. (ed.) (2003). Experiences in Social Dreaming. London: Karnac.
• Lawrence, W. G. (2005). Introduction to Social Dreaming: Transforming Thinking. London: Karnac.
• Lawrence, W. G. (ed.) (2007). Infinite Possibilities of Social Dreaming. London: Karnac.
• Armstrong, D. (1998). Thinking aloud: contributions to three dialogues. In Lawrence (ed.), Social Dreaming @ Work.
• Baglioni, L. & Fubini, F. (2018). Social dreaming. In Socioanalytic Methods. London: Routledge.
• Manley, J. (2018). Social Dreaming, Associative Thinking and Intensities of Affect. Palgrave Macmillan.