Kinesiology taping (Kase)

1. Introduction

Version followed: the Kinesio Taping Method as described by the Kinesio Taping Association International (KTAI) and its KT1–KT3/CKTP training route, with technique terms as summarised by Physiopedia from Kase, Wallis and Kase (2013, 3rd edition) [uncertain: book itself not verified]. Generic "kinesiology taping" with other brands differs in materials and training, and many trials use non-Kinesio tapes [source: Physiopedia].

Kinesiology taping applies a thin, elastic, adhesive cotton (or cotton-polyester) tape to the skin, usually with light stretch, so that it recoils towards an unstretched anchor and lies in skin convolutions [source: Physiopedia]. KTAI attributes the method to Kenzo Kase, DC, and describes it as a rehabilitative technique that supports muscles and joints without restricting range of motion; KTAI was formally constituted in Japan in 1984 [source: KTAI]. Physiopedia dates Kase's first presentation of the concept to the 1970s, as tape intended to mimic a therapist's hands [source: Physiopedia].

Claimed mechanism of change (attributed, not established). The developers and teaching sources state that the tape "microscopically lift[s] the skin" to encourage healing and reduces pain and inflammation [source: KTAI FAQ]. Proposed mechanisms include sensory (afferent) input that modulates pain, mechanotransduction in skin and mechanoreceptors, movement of skin relative to fascia, and opening of lymphatic microvalves to reduce swelling [source: Physiopedia]. These are hypotheses; reliable reviews do not establish them.

Evidence status. A 2014 systematic review (12 trials, 495 participants) found Kinesio Taping no better than sham or active comparators, with any advantages small and probably not clinically important [source: Parreira et al. 2014]. A 2026 BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine overview of 128 systematic reviews (310 trials, 29 musculoskeletal conditions) found possible immediate or short-term pain and function benefits but called the evidence "very uncertain"; versus sham, any advantage was at most marginal (low certainty) [source: BMJ press release 2026]. For knee osteoarthritis, an American Family Physician clinical inquiry found any pain reduction versus sham minimal and no lasting benefit after removal [source: Kelley & Kelsberg 2021]. A deceptive trial in healthy adults found no effect on muscle performance and suggested earlier benefits may reflect placebo [source: Poon et al. 2015]. Taping is not a treatment for cancer, lymphatic disease or any other physical disease; health claims belong to the developers and are attributed as such [synthesis].

Scope for the psychotherapist. Taping is applied to the client's skin by a credentialed practitioner after physical assessment. KTAI's CKTP route requires anatomy and physiology training, musculoskeletal knowledge and the ability to assess or diagnose injuries, plus a listed credential (e.g. athletic trainer, chiropractor, physician, nurse, physical or occupational therapist or assistant, massage therapist, speech-language pathologist) [source: KTAI KT3 course page]. Psychotherapy and counselling do not appear among the example credentials [uncertain: not verified against the full list]. This guide therefore covers the psychotherapist's role alongside taping: when to suggest it, referral, preparing clients for touch, discussing expectations and placebo, integrating the bodily experience, and recognising and passing on adverse effects. It does not teach tape application.

2. Framework

A. How the method is delivered (for information; carried out by the taping practitioner).

Training route: KT1 and KT2 (fundamentals), then KT3 (clinical concepts and advanced whole-body applications, with lab practice), then a CKTP examination; instructors are CKTIs [source: KTAI KT3 course page]. KTAI also lists specialty courses (e.g. paediatrics, massage therapy, medical and animal taping) [source: KTAI FAQ page].
Assessment: the practitioner uses Manual Direction Tests (glide, decompression and compression of tissue; glide for muscle) to choose the direction of application [source: Physiopedia].
Application choices: tape type, cut (I, Y, X, fan, web, donut and other shapes), length and width, patient position, graded tension matched to the target tissue (from very light for skin to full stretch for ligament techniques), and direction [source: Physiopedia]. Named corrective techniques include EDF, fascia, mechanical, space, lymphatic, ligament/tendon corrections and over- or under-active muscle applications [source: Physiopedia].
Skin preparation and aftercare: dry skin free of oils and lotions, hair trimmed where possible, rounded edges, adhesive rubbed to activate; the patient and caregiver are taught removal and told to remove the tape if itching, burning or increased pain occurs [source: Physiopedia]. Manufacturer instructions add gentle removal (dampening helps), single use, light rather than tight tension because overly tight tape "can impair circulation", and a maximum wear period stated on the label [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet].
Course of care: typically one application in a session, worn between visits, then reassessed and reapplied or stopped; there is no fixed session count in the sources [uncertain: typical number of applications not verified]. The developers note patients can learn self-application [source: Physiopedia].

B. Safety screening (what the taping practitioner screens; what the psychotherapist should know).

Contraindications: malignancy, infection or cellulitis, open wounds, deep vein thrombosis, previous allergic reaction to the tape [source: Physiopedia]; thrombosis or known clotting disorders; mucous membranes, irritated skin, burns or skin infections; heart failure, skin cancer or other serious conditions without prior medical approval [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet].
Precautions: diabetes, congestive heart failure, dialysis or kidney disease, organ transplant, pregnancy [source: Physiopedia]; circulatory or lymphatic disorders only after medical advice; children and pregnancy only after consulting a health professional, with extra care over abdomen and lower back in pregnancy; patch test for sensitive skin or adhesive allergy [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet].
Documented adverse effects: skin irritation and itching are the most commonly reported, generally resolving without treatment; adverse effects are under-reported in trials [source: BMJ press release 2026; Kelley & Kelsberg 2021].

C. The psychotherapist's role across a course of taping [synthesis].

Before: notice a body-focused request or musculoskeletal complaint; screen for medical red flags and trauma-related touch concerns; refer to a registered clinician rather than recommend a product.
Preparation: rehearse consent, the right to stop, positioning, skin exposure and chaperone options for clients with trauma histories.
During: monitor skin, mood, body-image and reassurance-seeking reactions; discuss expectations and placebo honestly.
After: integrate what the client felt; pass on adverse effects to the taping clinician or GP; respond to any boundary concern. Move from one stage to the next when the client has agreed to proceed, medical clearance is in place where any contraindication or precaution applies, and the client can name what they will do if the taping session or tape becomes distressing [synthesis].

D. Who delivers taping and how they are regulated. Taping is not a separately regulated profession; it is used within the scope of the practitioner's own licence or registration [synthesis; uncertain: scope rules per jurisdiction not verified]. In the UK all physiotherapists must be registered with the HCPC to use the title and practise, and the HCPC register can be checked online [source: CSP]. In Canada, massage therapy is regulated by colleges in Ontario, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island, and is not government-regulated elsewhere [source: hhr-rhs.ca; CBC 2021]. In Australia, massage therapists are not nationally registered and fall under the National Code of Conduct for health care workers, with state complaint bodies and association routes (e.g. AMT) [source: HaDSCO 2022; AMT]. For US practitioners, check the state licence of the underlying profession [uncertain: not verified]. A CKTP certificate is a brand training credential, not a licence [synthesis].

3. Guiding principles

Refer, do not apply. Practical meaning: the psychotherapist suggests assessment by a registered clinician and does not tape clients, since the method requires physical assessment and a listed credential [source: KTAI KT3 course page; synthesis].
Do not mix psychotherapy and hands-on work without code and training. Practical meaning: mainstream codes (BACP, UKCP, BPS, HCPC, APA, AAMFT) contain no explicit touch provision but require working within competence and offering only therapies one is trained in; body-psychotherapy codes (USABP, EABP) regulate touch directly [source: BACP 2018 and 2026; UKCP 2019; BPS 2009; HCPC 2023; APA 2002, amended 2010 and 2016; AAMFT 2015; USABP Code; EABP 2020].
Explicit, continuing consent. Practical meaning: clients consent before and during any touch, may stop at any moment, and consent is revisited because initial consent may not reveal what the client is not yet aware of [source: USABP Code VIII.2–5].
Never sexual touch. Practical meaning: genital or sexual touch is always inappropriate; any taping near intimate areas (e.g. pelvic, perineal, breast-area lymphatic applications) is a matter for regulated clinicians, described in clinical terms only, with a chaperone offered [source: USABP Code VIII; synthesis].
Medical safety first. Practical meaning: contraindications and precautions (clotting disorders, DVT, wounds, infection, malignancy, heart failure, pregnancy, diabetes, kidney disease, transplant) are screened by the taping clinician, with medical clearance where needed [source: Physiopedia; 3B Scientific safety sheet].
Attribute claims; state evidence honestly. Practical meaning: say "the developers say…" and "reviews find effects are small and uncertain", not "the tape lifts skin and drains lymph" [source: KTAI FAQ; Parreira et al. 2014; BMJ press release 2026].
Respect the client's choice. Practical meaning: if a client values taping, the psychotherapist neither prescribes nor disparages it; the aim is informed choice and safe use [synthesis].
Expectancy is legitimate therapeutic material. Practical meaning: placebo and expectation effects can be discussed openly as part of how bodily experience is shaped by meaning and attention, without implying the client is gullible [source: Poon et al. 2015; synthesis].
Trauma-informed adaptation. Practical meaning: skin exposure, positioning, the practitioner's hands and a sensation that lingers for days can all evoke trauma memories; prepare, offer choice and control, and agree a stop signal [synthesis].
Collaborate with consent. Practical meaning: share information with the taping clinician or GP only with the client's agreement, and clarify roles so care is not confused, as the EABP code advises when similar services are received from another professional [source: EABP Guidelines 6.b].
Treat adverse effects as information to pass on. Practical meaning: skin reactions, pain, swelling or unusual symptoms mean removal and medical advice; the psychotherapist prompts this and does not manage it [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet; Physiopedia].

4. Intervention inventory

The interventions below are the psychotherapist's own. Taping itself (assessment, cut, tension, direction, application, removal) belongs to the taping clinician (Section 2A) and is not proceduralised here. All steps and example language in this section are [synthesis] unless a source is tagged; all example language is (illustrative).

4.1 Recognising when taping might be raised, and when not

Purpose / when to use: a client mentions a muscle, joint or swelling complaint, asks about "that coloured tape", or is already being taped by a physio, trainer or massage therapist.
Steps: (1) Ask what the complaint is, who has assessed it, and what the client hopes taping will do. (2) Listen for medical red flags that need a doctor first: new or unexplained swelling, a hot or red calf or limb, known clotting disorder or anticoagulation, open wounds or skin infection, cancer history or skin cancer, heart failure, kidney disease or dialysis, organ transplant, diabetes with skin or circulation problems, pregnancy [source: Physiopedia; 3B Scientific safety sheet]. (3) If any is present, the first step is the GP or treating doctor, not taping. (4) If none is present and the client wants to explore it, move to referral (4.2). (5) Do not recommend a brand or self-taping kit as treatment.
Example language (illustrative): "Before thinking about tape, has a doctor or physio actually looked at this? Some kinds of swelling need checking first." / "Tape is something a physio or trainer would decide on after examining you. I can help you think about whether to ask."
Watch for: symptoms the client minimises (a painful swollen leg after travel or surgery is urgent); taping being used to avoid a medical appointment; health anxiety driving repeated searches for body fixes. It is working when the client has a clear next step that matches the level of medical risk.

4.2 Referral and collaboration with a registered clinician

Purpose / when to use: the client wants taping, or is already receiving it, and would benefit from the psychotherapist and taping clinician understanding each other's role.
Steps: (1) Suggest the client see a registered or licensed professional whose scope includes physical assessment (e.g. an HCPC-registered physiotherapist in the UK, checked on the HCPC register) [source: CSP]. (2) Explain that a CKTP certificate is a training credential in addition to, not instead of, a professional licence [source: KTAI KT3 course page; synthesis]. (3) With written consent, agree what may be shared (e.g. trauma-related touch needs, a stop signal, dissociation risk) and what stays private. (4) Clarify roles with the client so care is not confused, as the EABP guidance advises where similar services come from another professional [source: EABP Guidelines 6.b]. (5) Record the referral and consent.
Example language (illustrative): "Would it help if, with your permission, I let the physio know you'd like to be told before each touch and that you may want to stop?" / "They're the expert on your knee; I'm here for how all of this sits with you."
Watch for: clients who want the psychotherapist to endorse the tape; practitioners outside their scope (e.g. taping by someone with no underlying licence); information-sharing beyond what was agreed. Working: the client knows who to contact about what.

4.3 Preparing a client with a trauma history for touch-based taping

Purpose / when to use: taping requires undressing the area, positioning, skin preparation (possibly hair trimming) and the practitioner's hands on the skin; the tape then remains a felt reminder for days. This can evoke trauma memories or dissociation.
Steps: (1) Ask what the client anticipates: which body area, what clothing, whether lying down or being behind them is hard. (2) Explain the client's rights: explicit consent before and during touch and the right to refuse or end any touch at any time [source: USABP Code VIII.2–5]. (3) Help the client write or rehearse requests: have each step announced; keep clothing on elsewhere; choose position; bring a support person or ask for a chaperone; ask for a same-gender practitioner if wanted; ask to trim hair themselves; ask to learn self-removal before leaving [source on removal teaching: Physiopedia; rest synthesis]. (4) Agree a stop signal and a grounding plan for during and after. (5) Plan how to remove the tape early if its lingering sensation becomes distressing (gently, as the practitioner taught) [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet; Physiopedia]. (6) Debrief at the next session (4.6).
Example language (illustrative): "You're allowed to say 'stop' at any point, even halfway through putting a strip on." / "Which would feel safer: the physio telling you each step before it happens, or you telling them when you're ready?" / "If the tape starts to feel like it's 'holding on' to you in a way you don't like, you can take it off. That's your call."
Watch for: the client agreeing in session but freezing in the clinic; shame about body hair, scars or skin; requests for taping of intimate or near-intimate areas, which belong with regulated clinicians, discussed in clinical terms only, with a chaperone. Working: the client attends with a plan, can use the stop signal, and reports a sense of control.

4.4 Informed-expectations conversation: claims and evidence

Purpose / when to use: a client is considering, paying for, or relying on taping and wants to know what it does.
Steps: (1) Ask what the client has been told it does. (2) Separate the developers' claims (skin lift, reduced pain and inflammation, lymphatic effects, support without restricting movement) [source: KTAI; KTAI FAQ; Physiopedia] from what reviews find (small, short-lived and very uncertain effects; at most marginal advantage over sham) [source: Parreira et al. 2014; BMJ press release 2026; Kelley & Kelsberg 2021]. (3) Name the common side effects: skin irritation and itching [source: BMJ press release 2026]. (4) Note that taping is not a treatment for disease and should not replace medical care [synthesis]. (5) Leave the decision with the client and their clinician.
Example language (illustrative): "The people who developed it say it lifts the skin and eases pain. When researchers compare it with fake taping, the difference is small at best." / "Some people find it helps them feel more confident moving. Whether that's worth it is your decision with your physio."
Watch for: the psychotherapist overstating either side; the client hearing "it's useless" as "you were stupid"; financial strain from repeated purchases. Working: the client can describe the claim, the evidence and the cost in their own words.

4.5 Discussing placebo and expectancy

Purpose / when to use: the client notices that taping helps, wonders whether it is "all in my head", or the psychotherapist wants to use the experience to explore how meaning, attention and expectation shape bodily sensation.
Steps: (1) Ask what changed when the tape was on: pain, confidence, attention to the area, movement. (2) Explain neutrally that in a trial where people did not know they were taped, the tape did not improve muscle performance, and the authors suggested earlier benefits "may be attributed to placebo effects" [source: Poon et al. 2015]; and that sham-controlled trials find similar results with or without tension, perhaps through sensory input or expectation [source: Kelley & Kelsberg 2021]. (3) Reframe placebo responses as real changes in experience produced by context, expectation and attention, not as imagined [synthesis]. (4) Explore what the client can carry over without tape: noticing, reassurance, permission to move, a reminder to pace [synthesis]. (5) Do not use deception or tell the client to stop a treatment their clinician recommends.
Example language (illustrative): "Feeling the tape may remind your body it's being looked after. That's a real effect, even if the tape isn't doing the mechanical work it's sold for." / "What did you let yourself do while the tape was on that you weren't doing before?"
Watch for: the client feeling tricked or ashamed; loss of a useful coping aid without a replacement; health-anxious clients turning this into more checking. Working: the client can describe benefits they can recreate without the tape.

4.6 Integrating the bodily experience of being taped

Purpose / when to use: after a taping session, or while the tape is on, to work with sensations, images and emotions it evokes.
Steps: (1) Invite a brief description of the session: what was easy, what was hard, any moment of discomfort with touch. (2) Ask about the felt sense of the tape over days: support, pressure, itch, being held, irritation, intrusion. (3) Link, where relevant and with the client's agreement, to themes of support, dependence, being cared for or being handled. (4) If memories or dissociation arose, ground first, then process at the client's pace using the psychotherapist's usual trauma approach. (5) Revisit consent: does the client want to continue taping, change something, or stop?
Example language (illustrative): "When you notice the tape during the day, what goes through your mind?" / "You said it felt like being propped up. Is that welcome, or does it remind you of something?"
Watch for: sensations misread as harm, or harm (pain, swelling, burning) misread as "just feelings" (see 4.7); idealisation of the taping practitioner. Working: the client can name sensations and choose responses.

4.7 Recognising adverse effects and passing them on

Purpose / when to use: whenever a client is wearing tape or has recently been taped.
Steps: (1) Ask about skin: redness, itching, irritation, blistering, broken skin. (2) Ask about pain, swelling, or other unusual symptoms under or beyond the tape. (3) Remind the client that irritation, redness or itching means remove the tape, and that pain, swelling or other unusual symptoms mean remove and seek medical advice [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet; Physiopedia]. (4) A painful, swollen, hot limb, chest pain or breathlessness needs urgent medical assessment [synthesis]. (5) With consent, inform the taping clinician; encourage the client to report the reaction to them.
Example language (illustrative): "How's your skin under the tape? Any itching or redness?" / "That swelling sounds like something your doctor should see today, not something to wait on."
Watch for: clients who keep tape on despite irritation because they fear losing the benefit; self-harm-related skin picking under tape; skin damage from abrupt removal [source on removal: 3B Scientific safety sheet]. Working: reactions are reported promptly and the clinician adjusts or stops taping.

4.8 Recognising boundary violations and supporting reporting

Purpose / when to use: a client describes touch during a taping appointment that was sexual, unannounced, beyond the agreed area, or that continued after they asked to stop.
Steps: (1) Believe and listen; do not interrogate. (2) Name that sexual or genital touch by a practitioner is always inappropriate and that the right to end touch at any time is a professional standard [source: USABP Code VIII]. (3) Ensure immediate safety and offer support with medical care or police reporting as the client chooses [synthesis]. (4) Help identify the practitioner's regulator: HCPC for UK physiotherapists [source: CSP]; provincial colleges for Canadian massage therapists in regulated provinces [source: hhr-rhs.ca; CBC 2021]; in Australia, state health complaints entities and associations such as AMT [source: HaDSCO 2022; AMT]; the underlying professional licensing board elsewhere [uncertain: not verified]. KTAI certification does not replace a regulator. (5) Follow local safeguarding and mandatory-reporting duties; consult supervision.
Example language (illustrative): "What you describe isn't part of taping. You had every right to stop it." / "If you'd like to report it, we can look up who regulates that practitioner together."
Watch for: self-blame, minimisation, or a client continuing appointments out of politeness. Working: the client feels believed and has a choice of next steps.

4.9 Client self-application: psychological aspects

Purpose / when to use: the client has been taught to self-tape (the developers note patients can learn self-application) [source: Physiopedia] or buys tape over the counter.
Steps: (1) Ask who taught them and whether a clinician screened for contraindications. (2) Explore patterns: taping to cope with anxiety about movement, compulsive reapplication, avoidance of activity without tape, body-checking. (3) Encourage following the product label and clinician's advice, including the wear limit and patch testing for sensitive skin [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet]. (4) If use looks like a safety behaviour, work on it with the client's agreement using the psychotherapist's usual methods [synthesis].
Example language (illustrative): "What happens if you go out without the tape?" / "Is the tape still doing something for you, or has it become a kind of insurance?"
Watch for: skin damage from continuous use; children being taped at home without professional advice (use on children only after consulting a health professional) [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet]. Working: use is chosen, not compelled.

5. Handling problems

The sources on taping do not address psychotherapy-specific difficulties; unless tagged otherwise, everything below is [synthesis]. Example language is (illustrative).

Client wants the psychotherapist to tape them, or to "show them how". Decline clearly: the method requires physical assessment and a listed health credential, and mainstream codes require offering only therapies one is trained in [source: KTAI KT3 course page; UKCP 2019 item 23]. Offer referral (4.2). "That's outside what I'm trained and allowed to do here. I can help you find someone who is."
Client is attached to taping despite little benefit (stuck). Avoid debating evidence. Explore what taping gives them (reassurance, a sense of being cared for, permission to move) and whether those can be obtained in other ways (4.5). Respect the decision if use is safe.
Resistance to the evidence conversation. If the client hears critique as dismissal, step back, validate the experience of relief, and return to attributing claims rather than arguing. "Your experience counts. I'm just separating what you've felt from what the company says the tape is doing."
Overwhelm or dissociation during or after a taping appointment. Ground in session; plan with the client whether to remove the tape early and whether to tell the practitioner; revisit preparation (4.3) before any further appointment. If touch-related trauma symptoms escalate, pause taping and prioritise trauma treatment.
Non-adherence to aftercare (keeping tape on despite irritation; ignoring the wear limit; abrupt removal). Restate the manufacturer's guidance: remove for irritation, redness or itching; seek advice for pain, swelling or unusual symptoms; remove gently [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet]. Explore any fear of losing the effect.
Medical red flags emerge (swollen, painful or hot limb; worsening wound; breathlessness). Advise urgent medical assessment; taping is contraindicated with DVT, open wounds and infection [source: Physiopedia; 3B Scientific safety sheet].
Taping used for a disease (e.g. lymphoedema after cancer treatment, neurological conditions). Taping is not a treatment for disease; encourage the client to keep it within the plan of the treating medical or lymphoedema team, as circulatory and lymphatic disorders need prior medical advice and malignancy is a listed contraindication [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet; Physiopedia].
Children and adolescents. Taping of children only after consulting a health professional [source: 3B Scientific safety sheet]. For a young client, involve parents or carers as appropriate, seek the child's own assent to touch, and follow local safeguarding procedures; KTAI lists a paediatrics specialty course [source: KTAI FAQ page].
Pregnancy. Pregnancy is a precaution, with extra care over abdomen and lower back [source: Physiopedia; 3B Scientific safety sheet]. Encourage the client to confirm with their midwife or obstetric team.
Body-image or skin-related shame (visible coloured tape, hair trimming, scars). Explore what being seen with tape means; the client may ask for discreet colours, self-trimming, or to tape only where clothing covers [synthesis].
Rupture: the client feels the psychotherapist is undermining their physio, or the physio contradicts the psychotherapist. Clarify roles, acknowledge the clinician's expertise on the body, and, with consent, speak to the clinician directly so the client is not caught between them [source on role clarity: EABP Guidelines 6.b].
Boundary violation by a taping practitioner. Follow 4.8; sexual or genital touch is always inappropriate [source: USABP Code VIII]. Do not delay safeguarding duties while deciding on a complaint.
The psychotherapist feels drawn into touch (e.g. adjusting a client's tape in session). Do not touch; ask the client to adjust it themselves or contact their clinician. Mainstream codes require working within competence and managing boundaries [source: UKCP 2019; HCPC 2023 2.13]. Body psychotherapists using touch follow their own code's consent and documentation rules [source: USABP Code VIII.1–5; EABP Guidelines Principle 7].
Uncertain credentials. If the client cannot name the practitioner's underlying licence, help them check the relevant register (e.g. the HCPC register for UK physiotherapists) [source: CSP].

Sources

Developer and training bodies

The Kinesio Taping Association International (KTAI)
Kinesio Taping Assessments, Fundamental Concepts and Techniques (KTAI site, FAQ and course listing)
Clinical Concepts (KT3), KTAI seminar page
Kase K, Wallis J, Kase T (2013). Clinical Therapeutic Applications of the Kinesio Taping Method, 3rd ed. [uncertain: not verified; cited via Physiopedia]

Clinical summaries and safety

Evidence reviews and trials

Parreira PdCS, Costa LdCM, Hespanhol Junior LC, Lopes AD, Costa LOP (2014). Current evidence does not support the use of Kinesio Taping in clinical practice: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 60: 31–39. DOAJ record
BMJ Group press release (31 March 2026) on "Effectiveness and clinical relevance of kinesio taping in musculoskeletal disorders: an overview of systematic reviews and evidence mapping", BMJ Evidence Based Medicine, doi 10.1136/bmjebm-2025-114067
Kelley D, Kelsberg G, Safranek S (2021). Kinesiology Taping for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain. American Family Physician 103(7). AAFP PDF
Poon KY, Li SM, Roper MG, Wong MKM, Wong O, Cheung TH (2015). Kinesiology tape does not facilitate muscle performance: a deceptive controlled trial. Manual Therapy 20(1): 130–133. PolyU record

Regulation and complaints

Professional codes on touch, boundaries and competence

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