Anti-candida diets and cleanses

1. Introduction

Version followed: the "yeast connection" / candidiasis hypersensitivity model as William G. Crook's Yeast Connection books present it (publisher description of The Yeast Connection Handbook), plus one current commercial "candida cleanse" protocol from a functional-medicine clinic site, set against the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) position statements as quoted by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and an insurer's medical policy. The method is carried out by other practitioners or by clients themselves. The psychotherapist does not perform, sell, prescribe or recommend any anti-candida diet, cleanse, supplement or antifungal.

What it is, as proponents describe it. Anti-candida diets and cleanses rest on the idea that an overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans, normally present in the gut, causes a wide range of chronic, non-specific symptoms. The idea of "candidiasis hypersensitivity" (also called yeast syndrome, yeast allergy, polysystemic candidiasis, chronic candidiasis or candida-related complex) was proposed earlier by C. O. Truss, a physician in Birmingham, Alabama, and popularised by William G. Crook's book The Yeast Connection (1983) [source: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; Dr Fungus knowledge base]. Crook's later books present "a basic excess of yeast in the human body" as a widespread, systemic problem and link it, in the author's own characterisation, to a long list of conditions including PMS, psoriasis, asthma, chronic fatigue, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis and autism [source: Square One Publishers, The Yeast Connection Handbook description]. These are proponents' claims, not established diagnoses.

Core idea of how change happens (as proponents hold it). Yeast overgrowth is said to be fed by sugar, refined carbohydrate and yeast- or mould-containing foods, and to be worsened by antibiotics and other factors; removing those foods "starves" the yeast, while antifungal agents (prescription or herbal), probiotics and supplements reduce it, and symptoms are expected to lift [source: Square One description; Mayo Clinic; Dr Fungus]. Current "cleanse" versions often reframe overgrowth as a downstream result of poor gut health and aim to "restore balance" in phases [source: functional-medicine clinic protocol page].

Status in one line each.

Evidence: the AAAAI (1986) called candidiasis hypersensitivity "speculative and unproven"; a double-blind trial (Dismukes et al., 1990) found nystatin no better than placebo for systemic or psychological symptoms; Mayo Clinic states there are no clinical trials showing the diet works for any known medical condition [source: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; Dr Fungus; Anthem MED.00059; Mayo Clinic].
Diagnosis: no laboratory test identifies the proposed syndrome, and proposed stool or urine candida tests are classed by at least one US insurer as investigational [source: Dr Fungus; Anthem MED.00059].
Regulation: the diet itself is unregulated; antifungal medicines are prescription or pharmacy medicines; herbal "anti-candida" products are sold as supplements, and their health claims fall under food, supplement and advertising law in each jurisdiction [synthesis] [uncertain: not verified per jurisdiction].
Not to be confused with: genuine candida infections (thrush, vaginal yeast infection, invasive candidiasis) diagnosed and treated medically, and confirmed yeast or mould allergy managed by an allergist, both of which are real conditions [source: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; Mayo Clinic].

2. Framework

The method as its proponents publish it [source: Square One description; functional-medicine clinic protocol page; Mayo Clinic]:

Self-identification. The client recognises themselves in a list of symptoms (fatigue, "brain fog", headache, bloating, poor memory, recurrent vaginal yeast infections, skin problems) and often in a history of antibiotics or sugar cravings. Crook's books guide readers to identify yeast problems and food sensitivities; some practitioners add stool or other tests [uncertain: questionnaire details not verified].
Dietary phase. Removal of sugar, white flour and refined grains, yeast and yeast-fermented foods, alcohol, and certain cheeses; some versions also remove fruit or starchy foods, or switch to other restrictive patterns (Paleo, low-FODMAP, an elemental liquid diet) [source: Mayo Clinic; clinic protocol page]. No quantities or schedules are given here.
"Antifungal" phase. Prescription antifungals in Crook's model (as discussed in his books) or, in current cleanse versions, herbal antimicrobials and products such as garlic and citrus seed extracts, often sold by the same practitioner [source: Square One description; clinic protocol page].
Supportive phase. Probiotics, vitamins and minerals, essential fatty acids, attention to sleep, stress and "mind/body", and sometimes thyroid or adrenal hormones in Crook's account [source: Square One description].
"Die-off". Proponents describe a temporary worsening (fatigue, headache, brain fog) as a Herxheimer or "die-off" reaction from toxins released as yeast dies, and advise slowing down rather than stopping [source: clinic protocol page]. Clinically, this framing can lead people to interpret worsening as proof the regime is working [synthesis].

What a client experiences. Typically self-directed (books, websites, social media, apps) or guided by a naturopath, nutritional therapist, chiropractor or functional-medicine practitioner over weeks to months, with progressively more restrictive eating, supplement purchases, possible testing, and repeated cycles if symptoms return [synthesis from sources above] [uncertain: no published data on typical course].

Who practises it. Self-help authors, naturopaths and functional-medicine practitioners; the current protocol cited here was authored by a chiropractor whose site sells the herbal formulas, probiotics and elemental-diet products it recommends [source: clinic protocol page]. Mainstream medicine treats proven candida infection with antifungals and does not recognise the syndrome [source: Mayo Clinic; Anthem MED.00059].

The psychotherapist's framework (alongside). There are no fixed phases. The work runs inside ordinary therapy: (1) notice and ask; (2) understand meaning and the explanatory model; (3) assess risk, especially disordered eating and delayed medical care; (4) support an informed, values-based decision; (5) coordinate with the GP, dietitian or pharmacist with consent; (6) address health anxiety or somatic distress if present (cross-ref Domain II); (7) report where products, claims or safeguarding require it. Move from (2) to (3) immediately if weight loss, rigid food rules, distress around food, or stopped medical care appear; risk work takes priority over exploration [synthesis].

3. Guiding principles

Never perform, sell, prescribe or recommend. Practical meaning: you do not endorse or design the diet, suggest supplements, or comment on antifungals; you refer food and medicine questions to the dietitian, GP or pharmacist [synthesis].
Curiosity without judgement. Practical meaning: ask how the client came to the regime and what it gives them before any discussion of evidence; shame drives concealment [synthesis].
Attribute, do not adjudicate. Practical meaning: describe the yeast model as "what the books / your practitioner say", and the medical view as "what allergy bodies and Mayo Clinic say", leaving the decision with the client [source: AAAAI via Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; Mayo Clinic; synthesis].
Symptoms are real even if the explanation is contested. Practical meaning: validate fatigue, gut and cognitive symptoms and support a proper medical work-up, since the AAAAI noted the listed symptoms are near-universal and a basic work-up to rule out defined illness is appropriate [source: Anthem MED.00059 quoting AAAAI; Dr Fungus].
Eating-disorder vigilance. Practical meaning: any regime that cuts food groups and labels foods "clean" or "dangerous" warrants routine screening for restrictive and orthorexic patterns [source: Corewell Health citing NEDA; NICE NG69 pathway].
Medical care is not displaced. Practical meaning: check that diagnosed conditions (e.g. diabetes, coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease) remain under medical care; NICE lists difficulty managing diet-affecting chronic illness as an eating-disorder indicator [source: NICE NG69 pathway; synthesis].
Autonomy with safety. Practical meaning: adults may choose dietary experiments; your role is informed choice and risk monitoring, escalating only for medical risk, eating disorder, or children [synthesis].
Watch the commerce. Practical meaning: notice when the person diagnosing "overgrowth" also sells the tests or products, and never sell or refer for commission yourself [source: clinic protocol page; synthesis].
Avoid becoming a reassurance source. Practical meaning: in health anxiety, repeated debate about whether yeast is the cause can become reassurance-seeking; work on the process, not the content [source: Oxford Health OHSPIC; NIHR CHAMP summary].

4. Intervention inventory

All interventions below are the psychotherapist's own work alongside a client's anti-candida diet or cleanse. None involves advising on foods, supplements, tests or medicines. Unless a source is given, the steps are [synthesis] built from general psychotherapy and the clinical sources cited.

4.1 Routine, non-judgemental enquiry and recording

Purpose / when: at intake and whenever the client mentions gut symptoms, fatigue, "brain fog", new food rules, supplements, or a new practitioner. Clients often do not volunteer diet regimes unless asked neutrally [synthesis].
Steps: (1) Ask about diets, cleanses, supplements and practitioners as a routine part of health history. (2) Ask who suggested it, what tests (if any) were done, what is being taken or avoided in broad terms, and what it costs. (3) Ask whether their GP or prescriber knows. (4) Record in the notes in neutral, attributed language ("client following an anti-candida diet suggested by a naturopath; GP not yet informed"). (5) Do not record or comment on product amounts; note only that products are being taken.
Example language (illustrative): "Lots of people I see are trying diets or supplements for their health. Is there anything like that you're doing at the moment?" / "What does the plan involve, broadly, and who is guiding you?"
Watch for: defensiveness or shame (slow down, normalise); a long and growing list of excluded foods; secrecy from family or doctor; spending that strains finances. Working: the client discusses the regime openly and returns to it in later sessions.

4.2 Exploring meaning, hopes and the explanatory model

Purpose / when: once the regime is known, to understand what it offers the client, often control, hope, an explanation for symptoms that medicine has not explained, distrust of doctors, or belonging to an online community [synthesis].
Steps: (1) Elicit the client's own account of what is wrong and why ("yeast overgrowth from antibiotics and sugar"). (2) Ask what they hope will change and how they will know. (3) Ask what it has been like to have symptoms that tests did not explain. (4) Explore the function of the regime: structure, control, identity, community, a sense of doing something. (5) Reflect back the needs it serves, separately from whether the yeast model is correct. (6) Note any experiences of feeling dismissed by doctors; the clinical literature describes people with health anxiety who feel dismissed or have had problems missed [source: Oxford Health OHSPIC].
Example language (illustrative): "What's your understanding of what's going on in your body?" / "If this works the way you hope, what would be different in six months?" / "It sounds like being told 'your tests are normal' left you without answers, and this gives you a plan."
Watch for: rigid conviction that all symptoms and moods are caused by yeast; moralised language about food ("poison", "toxic", "clean"); hope invested in one explanation so that failure would be devastating. Working: the client can hold the yeast theory as one possibility among others and names the underlying needs.

4.3 Eating-disorder screening and awareness (restrictive and orthorexic patterns)

Purpose / when: for every client on an elimination or cleanse regime, at the start and periodically, because anti-candida diets remove whole food groups and moralise foods.
Steps: (1) Ask about weight change, eating less, skipping meals, fear of "forbidden" foods, compensatory behaviours (vomiting, laxatives, diet pills, excessive exercise), dizziness or fainting, and menstrual change. NICE lists rapid weight loss, restrictive eating, withdrawal from food-related situations, excessive worry about weight or shape, unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms, difficulty managing a diet-affecting chronic illness, compensatory behaviours, unexplained electrolyte imbalance or low blood sugar as indicators [source: NICE NG69 pathway]. (2) Ask about orthorexic features NEDA lists: compulsive label checking, growing worry about how "healthy" foods are, cutting out more food groups (e.g. sugars, carbohydrates), eating only a narrow set of "pure" foods, distress when "safe" foods are unavailable, hours spent planning food, and heavy following of food or wellness accounts [source: Corewell Health citing NEDA]. (3) A brief screen such as the SCOFF may be used, but NICE states screening tools should not be the only basis for deciding whether someone has an eating disorder, and BMI or illness duration alone should not decide whether treatment is offered [source: NICE NG69 pathway]. (4) If an eating disorder is suspected, refer promptly via the GP to a community, age-appropriate eating-disorder service as NICE recommends, and arrange emergency care if physical health is compromised or there is suicide risk [source: NICE NG69 pathway]. (5) If you are not trained in eating-disorder treatment, refer rather than treat.
Example language (illustrative): "Some people find a strict food plan starts to take over. Has the list of foods you avoid got longer since you started?" / "How do you feel if you end up eating something that's not on the plan?" / "Have you lost weight, or felt dizzy or faint?"
Watch for: the diet becoming a socially acceptable cover for restriction; orthorexia is not a formal DSM diagnosis but severe cases can lead to malnutrition and share physical risks with anorexia [source: Corewell Health]. Highest-risk age for eating disorders is 13–17, though they occur at any age [source: NICE NG69 pathway]. Working: food rules loosen, weight is stable, distress around food falls, or the client accepts an eating-disorder assessment.

4.4 Recognising and responding to medical risk

Purpose / when: whenever the regime may displace or complicate medical care.
Steps: (1) Check that a medical work-up has happened for persistent symptoms; the AAAAI noted the listed symptoms are near-universal, and a standard basic work-up to rule out defined illness is considered appropriate [source: Anthem MED.00059]; one clinical knowledge base suggests evaluating recurrent vaginitis and routine bloods, chemistries and thyroid [source: Dr Fungus]. (2) Ask whether any diagnosed conditions or prescribed medicines have been changed because of the regime; if so, encourage the client to speak to the prescriber or pharmacist and do not advise on the medicine yourself. (3) Ask about herbal "antifungals" or other products; route interaction questions to the pharmacist [synthesis] [uncertain: specific interactions not verified]. (4) Note the AAAAI warning that overuse of oral antifungals could foster resistant organisms [source: Anthem MED.00059]. (5) If a client presents with signs NICE describes as malnutrition (poor circulation, dizziness, fainting, pallor) or reports unexplained electrolyte problems or low blood sugar, arrange urgent medical review [source: NICE NG69 pathway]. Severely restricted eating followed by reintroduction carries medical risks, including refeeding problems, that require medical supervision [uncertain: refeeding guidance not verified]. (6) Distinguish genuine infection: thrush and confirmed yeast or mould allergy need medical or allergist diagnosis, so foods are not restricted unnecessarily [source: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics].
Example language (illustrative): "Has your GP had a chance to look into the fatigue and the gut symptoms with you?" / "That's a question for your pharmacist; would you be willing to ask them about the products alongside your prescription?"
Watch for: "die-off" framing, where worsening symptoms are read as proof of success and new symptoms are not reported to a doctor (proponents describe die-off as temporary and advise slowing down [source: clinic protocol page]); stopping prescribed medicines; diabetes or coeliac disease managed outside medical care. Working: the client has an up-to-date medical review and the prescriber is aware of the regime.

4.5 Supporting an informed, values-based decision

Purpose / when: when the client is deciding whether to start, continue, intensify or stop a regime, or to buy tests or products. No published decision aid specific to anti-candida diets is cited here [uncertain: not verified]; the steps below are [synthesis].
Steps: (1) Ask permission to look at the decision together. (2) Clarify what the client values most (energy, freedom around food, social eating, money, being taken seriously). (3) Invite them to set out what they have been told by proponents and what mainstream sources say, in attributed form: the AAAAI called the syndrome speculative and unproven, a controlled trial found nystatin no better than placebo, and Mayo Clinic notes people may feel better from eating fewer processed foods rather than from yeast suppression [source: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; Dr Fungus; Mayo Clinic]. (4) Help them identify their own markers of benefit and harm, and a point at which they would review with their GP. (5) Encourage a registered dietitian for any long-term dietary change. (6) Respect the decision; keep risk monitoring (4.3, 4.4) open.
Example language (illustrative): "You get to decide this. Would it help to lay out what matters most to you and what you've heard on each side?" / "How would you know if this was costing you more than it was giving you?"
Watch for: you sliding into persuasion or debate (the client defends the regime more); the client deferring entirely to you or to the practitioner; decisions made under financial or group pressure. Working: the client states the decision in their own words, linked to their values, with a planned review.

4.6 Coordinating with the doctor, dietitian or pharmacist (with consent)

Purpose / when: when there are physical symptoms without a recent work-up, medicines or supplements in use, weight loss, a diet-affecting chronic illness, pregnancy, or a child involved.
Steps: (1) Explain why you would like to share information and what you would share. (2) Obtain and record explicit consent (or document the legal basis if a safeguarding or emergency exception applies). (3) Communicate factually: the regime in broad terms, your observations (e.g. restriction, distress, weight change reported), and your role (psychological support, not dietary advice). (4) Encourage the client to bring their product list to the pharmacist. (5) Agree who monitors physical health. NICE emphasises joint working with other services for physical comorbidities and higher-risk groups [source: ELFT summary of NICE NG69].
Example language (illustrative): "I'd like your GP to know you're on this plan and that you've been feeling faint, so they can check you over. Are you okay with me writing to them?"
Watch for: the client fearing the doctor will dismiss them (prepare for the appointment together); splitting between practitioners. Working: one clinician is clearly responsible for physical monitoring.

4.7 Health anxiety and somatic symptom presentations (cross-ref Domain II)

Purpose / when: when the yeast explanation is part of a pattern of persistent illness conviction, body checking, reassurance seeking, symptom searching online, or avoidance of medical appointments [source: Oxford Health OHSPIC]. Candidiasis hypersensitivity is also discussed within idiopathic environmental illness, where the AAAAI found no immunologic or neurologic abnormality and no therapy shown to help [source: Anthem MED.00059]. One study noted by a clinical knowledge base found about two-thirds of patients with chronic fatigue had an underlying psychiatric diagnosis [source: Dr Fungus] [uncertain: primary study not verified].
Steps: use an established CBT for health anxiety model. Components named in the CHAMP trial of CBT for health anxiety in medical patients include: distinguishing fear of disease from disease, awareness of the risks of internet browsing, reducing reassurance seeking, recognising the harms of body monitoring and hypervigilance, recognising that frightening explanations of symptoms are rare, and reading booklets on health anxiety [source: NIHR summary of Tyrer et al. 2017]. OHSPIC describes assessment with standardised questionnaires, a shared formulation of what maintains illness conviction, work on reassurance seeking and checking, activity planning to rebuild a less restricted life, and coordination with local services [source: Oxford Health OHSPIC]. (1) Build a shared formulation including the regime: for some clients, food monitoring and "die-off" interpretation function as checking and safety behaviours [synthesis]. (2) Map reassurance cycles (forums, practitioners, tests). (3) Agree behavioural experiments reducing checking and searching. (4) Plan valued activities that do not depend on symptom freedom. (5) Coordinate with the GP to agree regular scheduled appointments rather than symptom-driven ones [synthesis].
Example language (illustrative): "Let's map what happens after you notice a symptom: what you think, what you do, and what happens to the worry." / "Instead of deciding whether it's yeast, could we look at what the worry is costing you day to day?"
Watch for: debating the yeast theory, which becomes reassurance; new explanations replacing yeast when it is dropped. Working: less checking and searching, wider eating and activity, symptom distress falls even if symptoms persist.

4.8 Children, pregnancy and safeguarding

Purpose / when: when a parent applies an anti-candida diet to a child (Crook's books, as described by the publisher, link yeast to autism and other childhood conditions [source: Square One description]) or a pregnant or breastfeeding client restricts food.
Steps: (1) Ask what the child eats and who is overseeing growth (GP, paediatrician, health visitor). (2) NICE lists faltering growth or delayed puberty as possible eating-disorder signs in children and young people [source: NICE NG69 pathway]; flag such concerns to the child's doctor. (3) With pregnancy, encourage the client to discuss any restrictive diet with their midwife or obstetric team [synthesis]. (4) If a child is deprived of adequate nutrition or needed medical care, follow your local safeguarding procedure [synthesis] [uncertain: specific safeguarding guidance not verified]. (5) Involve the young person in decisions at a level suited to their age, with assent alongside parental consent [synthesis].
Example language (illustrative): "When did your child last have their growth checked? I'd feel more comfortable if their doctor knew about the diet."
Watch for: weight or growth faltering, a child anxious about "bad" foods, refusal of medical review. Working: a medical professional is monitoring the child.

4.9 Commerce, online communities and group pressure

Purpose / when: when the client is buying tests, supplements or programmes, or is embedded in a community that reinforces the regime.
Steps: (1) Ask what has been spent and whether it feels manageable. (2) Notice when the person diagnosing overgrowth also sells the products (the cited protocol sells its own formulas and uses affiliate links [source: clinic protocol page]), and reflect this neutrally. (3) Explore whether leaving the regime would mean losing friends or identity. (4) Never sell, recommend or receive commission on products or courses; disclose and manage any conflicts of interest [synthesis] [uncertain: specific ethics-code provisions not verified].
Example language (illustrative): "How much has this cost so far, roughly? How does that sit with you?" / "If you stepped back from the plan, what would happen with the group?"
Watch for: escalating spending, debt, pressure to recruit others (multi-level marketing), shaming for "cheating". Working: the client makes spending decisions deliberately.

4.10 Reporting routes

Purpose / when: when products are falsely marketed, cause adverse reactions, or a practitioner's conduct causes harm.
Steps: with the client's knowledge where possible, consider: the national medicines or product regulator for adverse reactions to medicines or supplements (e.g. FDA MedWatch in the US, MHRA Yellow Card in the UK); advertising and consumer regulators for misleading health claims (e.g. FTC in the US, Advertising Standards Authority in the UK); the practitioner's professional or registration body; and safeguarding services for children or adults at risk [synthesis] [uncertain: reporting routes not verified against regulators' pages].
Example language (illustrative): "If you'd like to, you can report the reaction to the regulator. Would you like help finding how?"
Watch for: the client fearing conflict with the practitioner; respect their choice except where safeguarding duties apply. Working: concerns reach the body able to act.

5. Handling problems

Sources address the medical and eating-disorder risks; the responses below are largely [synthesis].

Client feels judged or stops disclosing. Name it and repair: "I may have sounded as if I was criticising your plan. That wasn't my intention; I'm interested in how it's going for you." Return to 4.2 and keep evidence discussion attributed and brief [synthesis].
"You're just like the doctors who dismissed me" (rupture). Validate the history of feeling dismissed (described in health-anxiety services [source: Oxford Health OHSPIC]); clarify your role is not to rule on the diagnosis but to support them and their safety [synthesis].
Stuck in debate about whether candida is the cause. Stop arguing content. Shift to function and cost (4.5, 4.7); in health anxiety, treat further debate as reassurance seeking [source: NIHR CHAMP summary; synthesis].
Worsening symptoms explained as "die-off". Acknowledge the proponent's explanation, then ask the client to have new or worsening symptoms checked by a doctor rather than self-interpreted; proponents themselves advise contacting a doctor for severe or persistent symptoms [source: clinic protocol page; synthesis].
Restriction escalating, but client denies an eating problem. Share observations factually (number of foods dropped, weight change reported, distress), use motivational rather than confrontational style, and seek consent to involve the GP; if physical health appears compromised, arrange urgent medical assessment even without full agreement, within your confidentiality limits [source: NICE NG69 pathway; synthesis].
Overwhelm. Clients overloaded by protocols, rules and conflicting online advice: reduce to one or two priorities for the week, limit information-seeking, use grounding and problem-solving [synthesis].
Non-adherence to therapy tasks because the regime takes priority. Explore what the regime protects them from; negotiate tasks that fit alongside it (e.g. one valued activity), rather than competing with it [synthesis].
Regime fails and client feels hopeless or ashamed. Normalise, validate the effort and money spent, explore grief and anger, screen for depression and suicidal thinking using standard risk assessment, and guard against a new, more extreme regime replacing it [synthesis].
Family conflict. Family members may oppose or enforce the diet. Offer a joint session focused on shared goals (health, relationships), not on who is right [synthesis].
Client asks you to recommend a practitioner, test or product. Decline clearly and explain your role; redirect to their GP and a registered dietitian [synthesis].
Therapist's own views. Notice urges to rescue or convert; seek supervision if you find yourself arguing, or if you are personally invested in the diet [synthesis].
Child on a restrictive diet and parent refuses medical review. Discuss your concerns openly with the parent, consult your safeguarding lead, and follow local procedures [synthesis].

Sources

Web sources:

Works cited:

Crook, W. G. (1983). The Yeast Connection. [uncertain: publisher not verified]
American Academy of Allergy and Immunology Executive Committee (1986). Position statement on candidiasis hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
Dismukes, W. E., et al. (1990). Double-blind trial of nystatin in the candidiasis hypersensitivity syndrome. [uncertain: title and journal not verified]
AAAAI (1999). Position statement on idiopathic environmental intolerances, as quoted in Anthem MED.00059.
Tyrer, P., Salkovskis, P., Tyrer, H., et al. (2017). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for health anxiety in medical patients (CHAMP). Health Technology Assessment, 21(50), 1–58. doi:10.3310/hta21500
Vasey, M. J., Besag, F. M. C., Bronowska, Z., & Cini, E. (2024). The NICE guideline for the recognition and treatment of eating disorders. Cutting Edge Psychiatry in Practice, 6(1), 117–127.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2017). Eating disorders: recognition and treatment (NG69).

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