Ultraviolet blood irradiation

1. Introduction

Version followed: ultraviolet blood irradiation (UBI) as described in the historical Knott-device literature of the 1930s–40s and by current US clinics and device sellers (including combined UV-and-ozone "EBOO" systems and catheter-based "intravenous UV/laser" variants), as reported by the FDA, the FTC, a 2017 proponent review and press coverage. There is no single founder's manual or certifying organisation; this guide describes the method as sellers and regulators report it and sets out the psychotherapist's own work alongside it. The psychotherapist never performs, sells, prescribes or recommends UBI.

What it is. UBI is a medical procedure in which some of a person's blood is taken from a vein, exposed to ultraviolet light outside the body (or, in newer variants, light is shone into the vein through a catheter), and returned to the circulation [source: Crislip, Science-Based Medicine; Central Florida Public Media 2016; NatMed overview]. Variants include laser blood irradiation applied in a vein, through the nose or through the skin [source: NatMed overview; Crislip], and devices that expose blood to both ozone and UV light before return ("extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation", EBOO) [source: FDA Warning Letter to O3UV LLC, 2025].

Its proponents' theory of change (attributed, not established). Historical and current proponents hold that irradiating a small fraction of the blood triggers a body-wide effect: killing microbes, "detoxifying" bacterial toxins, raising oxygenation, acting like a vaccine, or modulating immunity [source: Crislip, summarising proponent claims]. A 2017 proponent review proposes increased phagocytosis by white cells, inhibition of lymphocytes and oxidation of blood lipids, and links UBI to ozone and other "oxidative" therapies [source: Hamblin 2017, abstract]. Proponents list dozens of conditions, from depression to AIDS, and some clinics claim effects on infections and cancer [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016].

Status in one line each.

Evidence: no good scientific evidence supports its uses [source: NatMed overview]; the historical literature consists of uncontrolled case series, and mainstream experts regard the claims as unsubstantiated [source: Crislip; Central Florida Public Media 2016, quoting Lockey and Ernst]; a proponent review calls Western opinion "highly controversial" [source: Hamblin 2017].
US regulation: in 2025 the FDA classified UV/ozone autohemotherapy devices marketed for autoimmune, cardiovascular and respiratory disease as devices and found them adulterated for lacking premarket approval, and misbranded [source: FDA Warning Letter, O3UV LLC, 2025]; a 2016 press report said the older light-box method was "FDA-approved" many years ago while the catheter device was not approved for US commercial use [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016] [uncertain: sources conflict; current clearance status of any specific device not verified].
US advertising: in 2020 the FTC warned clinics advertising UV blood therapy (and "intravenous ultraviolet light therapy") for COVID-19 that disease claims require competent and reliable scientific evidence [source: FTC letters to McDonagh Medical Center, April 2020, and Vibrant Life Oklahoma, October 2020].
EU: a 2016 report states that one catheter-based model received European approval in 2015 [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016] [uncertain: not verified with a regulator].
UK, Canada, Australia: regulatory status [uncertain: not verified].
Who performs it: in the US it is offered mainly by integrative and alternative clinics that give intravenous treatments; many clinics in one device study were run by naturopaths, whom most states (including Florida) do not license [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016]. A procedure involving venous access is described as one to be done by a doctor or trained health professional, and some types "could be dangerous" in untrained hands [source: NatMed overview]. Who may lawfully perform it in each jurisdiction [uncertain: not verified; check the state or national licensing board].

2. Framework

The procedure as clients experience it (qualitative, as reported). The client sits or reclines in a clinic chair with an intravenous line. In the traditional closed-loop version, blood flows out, through a light chamber, and back into the vein; historically the blood was mixed with an anti-clotting agent and returned through the same needle [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016; TIME 1949]. In the catheter version, light is delivered into the vein through the catheter [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016]. It is usually sold as a course of repeated sessions, often bundled with other IV treatments (high-dose vitamin infusions, ozone, hyperbaric oxygen) [source: FTC letter to McDonagh Medical Center, 2020; Central Florida Public Media 2016]. Each session typically costs at least about US$100 and is not covered by insurance [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016]. No device settings, volumes, schedules or durations are given here.

The psychotherapist's own work alongside it: phases [synthesis, built on NCCIH guidance on complementary approaches]:

Discovery and recording. Goal: know that the client is using or considering UBI, why, where, at what cost, and whether the treating doctor knows. Typically folded into intake or the first session after disclosure. Move on once the facts are recorded without judgement.
Meaning and explanatory model. Goal: understand what UBI stands for to the client (hope, control, a different story about illness, distrust of medicine, belonging). Often revisited. Move on when the client can state their own hopes and fears.
Informed, values-based decision support. Goal: the client weighs the decision against their own values with accurate information from their doctor. As many sessions as the decision takes. Move on when a decision is made or deferred freely.
Coordination. Goal: with consent, the client's doctor or pharmacist knows about the procedure. Ongoing.
Risk monitoring and, where needed, reporting or safeguarding. Runs through every phase; triggered at any point by delayed care, a child involved, signs of infection, or financial or group pressure.
Aftermath work (if harm, regret, financial loss or conflict follows): see Harm account.

Criteria for moving between phases are the client's readiness, not the therapist's agenda; risk work overrides sequence [synthesis].

3. Guiding principles

Ask, do not assume. Practical meaning: ask every client about complementary procedures as routinely as about medicines [source: NCCIH, "Are You Considering a Complementary Health Approach?"].
Curiosity without endorsement or ridicule. Practical meaning: describe UBI's ideas as proponents hold them; neither promote nor mock [synthesis].
Outside scope: never perform, sell, prescribe or recommend. Practical meaning: medical questions go to the client's doctor or pharmacist; the therapist gives no opinion on whether to have a session [synthesis].
Autonomy with information. Practical meaning: the decision is the client's; the therapist's job is to help them get accurate information and think it through against their values [synthesis; NCCIH advises talking with providers before skipping proven treatment].
Never as a substitute or a reason to delay. Practical meaning: name gently but explicitly if UBI is replacing or postponing medical assessment or treatment [source: NCCIH advises against unproven practices "as a substitute" for proven care].
Coordination with consent. Practical meaning: encourage the client to tell all their providers; with written consent, the therapist may share relevant information [source: NCCIH; synthesis].
Attribute claims. Practical meaning: "the clinic says it boosts immunity", not "it boosts immunity" [synthesis].
Watch for exploitation. Practical meaning: escalating packages, high spending, pressure to recruit others or to keep secrets are clinical concerns [synthesis; cost data from Central Florida Public Media 2016].
Children first. Practical meaning: invasive procedures on a child and delayed medical care for a child trigger safeguarding thinking [synthesis].
No conflicts of interest. Practical meaning: the therapist has no financial or referral relationship with any clinic or seller [synthesis; professional ethics codes on conflicts of interest, [uncertain: not verified]].

4. Intervention inventory

All interventions below are the psychotherapist's own work alongside a procedure carried out by others. None involves performing, endorsing or advising on UBI itself. Sources: NCCIH consumer guidance for the inquiry and decision items; FDA and FTC documents for regulatory facts; the rest is [synthesis] unless tagged.

4.1 Routine, non-judgemental inquiry and recording

Purpose / when: at intake and at reviews, and whenever a client mentions IV clinics, "blood cleansing", "light therapy" or "detox". Clients often do not volunteer procedures they expect to be judged for [synthesis]. NCCIH asks people to tell all providers about every complementary approach they use [source: NCCIH].
Steps: (1) Ask a general question about anything else being done for health, including clinic procedures and IV treatments. (2) If UBI or a variant (EBOO, "intravenous UV", "laser blood", "Lumen therapy", "BioPhotonic therapy") is named, ask: where, by whom (their profession), for what, since when, how often (do not record settings), cost and how it is paid, and whether the treating doctor knows. (3) Record factually in the client's words, attributing claims ("clinic told her it removes toxins"). (4) Thank the client for telling you.
Example language (illustrative): "Many people use treatments outside their GP's or specialist's care. Is there anything like that for you, including anything at a clinic or by drip?" / "Thanks for telling me. I'm not here to judge it. Can you tell me what it involves for you and what you're hoping it will do?"
Watch for: defensiveness (slow down, reaffirm no judgement); minimising cost or frequency; secrecy from family or doctor; signs the procedure is replacing medical care. Working when: the client brings updates unprompted.

4.2 Exploring meaning, hopes, expectations and explanatory model

Purpose / when: after disclosure; before any decision talk. Understanding what draws the client (control, hope after failed treatments, distrust of medicine, identity, a supportive clinic community, the "suppressed cure" story) makes later decisions their own [synthesis].
Steps: (1) Ask what the client understands the procedure to do and how it works, in their words. (2) Ask how they came to it (referral, online, friend, practitioner). (3) Ask what they hope will change and how they will know. (4) Ask what it gives them beyond the physical (being listened to, time, a sense of acting). (5) Reflect the underlying need. (6) Note the explanatory model ("toxins", "immune boost", "oxygenation") without debating it.
Example language (illustrative): "When you picture this working, what's different in your life?" / "It sounds as if, after years of being told the tests are normal, this clinic is the first place that took you seriously." / "What would it mean if it didn't help?"
Watch for: expectations of cure for serious illness; all-or-nothing hope; grief or anger at mainstream care underneath; a need being met (being heard) that therapy can also meet. Working when: the client separates the need from the procedure.

4.3 Supporting informed, values-based decisions without coercion

Purpose / when: when the client is deciding whether to start, continue, pay for more, or stop; especially if a proven treatment might be skipped.
Steps: (1) Ask permission to think it through together. (2) Help the client list their values (safety, hope, money, family, autonomy). (3) Offer NCCIH's questions to take to their doctor and the practitioner: is it safe, does it work, does it interact with my treatments, will this practitioner work with my other providers, what are the practitioner's training and licence [source: NCCIH]. (4) Encourage checking the practitioner's licence with the state licensing board [source: NCCIH]. (5) Share, if asked and attributed, the published status: no good scientific evidence for its uses [source: NatMed overview]; FDA enforcement against some devices [source: FDA 2025]; FTC warnings over COVID claims [source: FTC 2020]. (6) Ask whether any decision involves delaying or skipping recommended medical care; if so, ask the client to discuss that first with their doctor [source: NCCIH]. (7) Summarise the client's reasoning back to them; leave the decision with them.
Example language (illustrative): "I'm not the right person to say whether this is medically safe for you, but I can help you get clear answers and weigh them against what matters to you." / "Would it help to write down the questions you'd want your doctor to answer before the next session?"
Watch for: the therapist drifting into persuasion (rupture risk) or into tacit endorsement; sunk-cost reasoning; decisions under clinic time pressure ("package price ends Friday"). Working when: the client can state the decision and why, in their own values.

4.4 Coordination with the client's doctor or pharmacist (with consent)

Purpose / when: whenever the client has a serious illness, takes regular medicines, is pregnant, is a child or caring for a child receiving it, or shows signs of complications.
Steps: (1) Encourage the client to tell their doctor themselves first [source: NCCIH]. (2) If the client wishes, obtain written consent specifying what will be shared and with whom. (3) Share facts only: that the client is having an IV blood-irradiation procedure at a named clinic, any reported symptoms, and any psychological concerns; never medical recommendations. (4) Route every question about medicines, anticoagulants, infection or interactions to the prescriber or pharmacist. (5) Document consent and contact.
Example language (illustrative): "Would you be willing for me to let Dr [name] know you're having this, so they can factor it into your care? You decide what I say."
Watch for: refusal of consent (respect it unless a risk threshold is met; keep the door open); the client asking the therapist for medical opinion (redirect each time).

4.5 Recognising and responding to risk

Purpose / when: throughout. Risks flagged by sources: venous access and blood handling outside proper infection control (an analogous blood-handling procedure at an unlicensed New Mexico spa was linked by the CDC to HIV infections [source: CBS News 2024, reporting the CDC]); combined ozone procedures (see the ozone therapy entry in this family); delay or substitution of treatment for infections, cancer or other disease [source: NCCIH; claims reported by Central Florida Public Media 2016 and FTC 2020]; high cumulative cost [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016]; enrolment in uncontrolled device studies without being told [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016].
Steps: (1) Ask directly about stopping or postponing medical treatment. (2) Ask about fever, feeling very unwell, pain, swelling or redness at the needle site after a session; if present, urge same-day medical assessment (emergency services if severe) [synthesis]. (3) Ask about spending, debt and pressure to buy packages or recruit others. (4) If a child is receiving it or a child's medical care is being withheld, follow 4.8. (5) Pregnancy: encourage discussion with the maternity team before any procedure [synthesis]. (6) Eating disorders: if UBI is part of a "detox" or cleansing identity, screen for restrictive or orthorexic eating [synthesis]. (7) Document risk and actions.
Example language (illustrative): "Has your oncologist/GP said anything about this, and has it changed any treatment you were planning?" / "Since the last session at the clinic, any fever, chills or soreness where the line went in?"
Watch for: reassurance that it is "natural" or "FDA approved" offered by the clinic as a reason not to tell the doctor; secrecy; escalating spending. Working when: the client brings risks to their doctor.

4.6 Health anxiety, somatic symptom presentations and chronic unexplained illness

Purpose / when: when UBI is sought for persistent symptoms without a settled medical explanation, or by a client with health anxiety (proponent lists include chronic fatigue, "toxicity", chronic candidiasis and pain [source: Crislip]).
Steps: (1) Validate that symptoms are real and distressing. (2) Map the cycle of symptom, worry, search for cure, short relief, renewed search. (3) Use established psychological approaches for health anxiety and persistent physical symptoms (see Domain II). (4) Treat each new procedure as information about the client's distress, not a debate topic. (5) Keep one coordinating medical clinician in the loop with consent.
Example language (illustrative): "Each new treatment seems to bring a few weeks of hope and then a crash. Could we look at that pattern together, alongside whatever you decide about the clinic?"
Watch for: reassurance-seeking moving from doctors to clinics; escalating invasiveness of procedures; despair after failure. Cross-reference: Domain II.

4.7 Responding when a client is in a study or trial

Purpose / when: when the clinic describes treatment as part of a "study", or the client is unsure. In one 2016 US case a device study was halted early by its review board, and a critic reported patients had not been told they were in a trial [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016].
Steps: (1) Ask whether they signed a research consent form and were told who oversees the study. (2) Encourage them to ask the clinic for the study name and the ethics board's contact. (3) If they did not consent to research, explain that they can raise it with the board and with regulators (see 4.8).
Example language (illustrative): "Did anyone ask you to sign a research consent form, or tell you who was overseeing the study?"
Watch for: shame at having been misled; reluctance to complain against a valued practitioner.

4.8 Reporting routes and safeguarding

Purpose / when: device problems, injuries, misleading claims, unlicensed practice, or a child at risk.
Steps: (1) With the client's consent (unless a mandatory duty applies), help them identify the route. (2) US: the FDA for devices, injuries and unapproved device marketing (the FDA has issued warning letters to UBI device sellers [source: FDA 2025]); the FTC for deceptive disease claims (it warned clinics over COVID claims [source: FTC 2020]); the state medical or professional licensing board for the practitioner [source: NCCIH]; the state health department for unsafe or unlicensed clinics (state officials closed an unlicensed spa after the HIV cluster [source: CBS News 2024]). (3) UK, Canada, Australia: the national device regulator (MHRA, Health Canada, TGA), the advertising regulator and the practitioner's professional regulator [uncertain: not verified]. (4) Children: follow local child-protection law where a child is subjected to an unproven invasive procedure or deprived of needed medical care [synthesis]. (5) Document.
Example language (illustrative): "You have the right to report this. Would you like to look together at where it would go?"
Watch for: the client's fear of retaliation or of losing the clinic community; mandatory duties that override confidentiality (follow local law and your professional code).

5. Handling problems

All guidance in this section is [synthesis] unless tagged; sources do not address psychotherapy alongside UBI directly.

Client asks "Do you think I should do it?" Decline to give a medical opinion; offer to help them get answers and weigh them. (Illustrative) "That's a medical question I can't answer well, but I can help you get a straight answer from your doctor and think about it against what matters to you."
Client is angry at doctors and sees the therapist as "one of them". Validate the experiences behind the distrust; do not defend the system wholesale; keep the focus on the client's goals. Return to 4.2.
Client stops telling you about the clinic (non-disclosure). Name it gently, reaffirm no judgement, and check whether earlier conversations felt like pressure (possible rupture). Repair: "If I came across as trying to talk you out of it, I'm sorry; that's your decision."
Rupture after the therapist raised risk. Acknowledge impact, restate the boundary (you are not the decision-maker), and agree how risk will be raised in future.
Overwhelm or despair (serious illness, failed treatments). Prioritise emotional stabilisation and grief work; assess suicide risk using standard practice if hopelessness is marked; ensure medical follow-up.
Delay or abandonment of effective treatment for a serious condition. Treat as a risk issue: explore, encourage an urgent conversation with the treating doctor, offer a joint appointment, document. Respect a capacitous adult's choice while staying involved; in psycho-oncology, support palliative-care referral if that is what the client wants [synthesis; NCCIH advises against unproven substitutes].
Signs of complications after a session (fever, feeling acutely unwell, pain or redness at the line site). Direct the client to urgent medical assessment the same day; this is not a therapy issue to explore first.
A child or adolescent is having the procedure. Explore the parent's hopes and fears with compassion; encourage involvement of the child's paediatrician; consider safeguarding where invasive procedures are repeated, medical care is withheld, or harm is evident; seek the young person's own view and assent. A 2016 report described a parent spending more than US$29,000 in one year on such treatments for a teenager [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016].
Financial exploitation or package pressure. Help the client review total spending, contracts and refund terms; consider consumer-protection routes (4.8).
Family conflict about the procedure. Offer a family or couple session focused on values and communication, not on adjudicating the treatment.
Group or community pressure (online UBI or "natural healing" communities, "suppressed cure" narratives). Explore belonging needs; watch for high-control dynamics (us-versus-them, discouraging outside contact).
The therapist's own reactions (contempt, anxiety, rescuing). Use supervision; keep notes factual.
Client is a health professional offering UBI. Separate their personal therapy from professional conduct; if a duty to report a colleague arises under your code, follow it.

Harm account

What was actually done

1930s–1940s, United States: the Knott technique. A physician named Knott treated patients, initially one with a brain abscess and one with sepsis, by drawing blood, irradiating it and returning it, reasoning from ultraviolet treatment of skin tuberculosis [source: Crislip]. The device was marketed as the Knott Hemo-Irradiator [source: TIME 1949]. A start date for Knott's work in the 1920s and its city of origin [uncertain: not verified]. Blood was drawn through a needle, mixed with an anti-clotting agent, run through the irradiation chamber and returned through the same needle [source: TIME 1949]. Uses reported in the period included sepsis, peritonitis, post-abortion infection, gallbladder disease, asthma, botulism and cancer [source: Crislip, summarising the historical literature]. A 1949 review estimated tens of thousands of patients had been treated over the prior 15 years [source: Crislip, citing Olney 1949] [uncertain: secondary].
Children. In 1949, physicians at the New York Infirmary reported to the American Blood Irradiation Society in Atlantic City that they had treated 22 consecutive children aged 3 to 13 with acute rheumatic heart disease using the Knott device, in repeated sessions, and declared the method safe [source: TIME 1949]. The series had no control group [source: TIME 1949 describes a case series; Crislip notes no controlled trials in this literature].
Animal work. Researchers at the American University of Beirut irradiated the flowing blood of infected rabbits via a surgically exposed artery and reported longer survival [source: Avery & Mufarrij, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine; year [uncertain]].
Decline. Use faded with the arrival of antibiotics and vaccines; later work came mainly from Russian and other Eastern-bloc researchers [source: Hamblin 2017; Central Florida Public Media 2016].
2010s revival, United States. Integrative clinics offered UBI from recliners with IV lines, sold as courses at roughly US$100 or more per session, uninsured, for more than 60 listed conditions from depression to AIDS; a businessman founded a "Physicians UBI Awareness Center", distributed equipment to doctors and coined "BioPhotonic Therapy" [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016]. In 2016 a device company ran an uncontrolled pilot study of a catheter-based light device in 500 people, which an independent review board ended early; a former naturopath reported that patients were not told they were in a trial [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016].
2020, COVID-19. Clinics advertised UV blood therapy and "intravenous ultraviolet light therapy" as safe approaches to COVID-19, alongside ozone and IV vitamin C; the FTC ordered the claims stopped [source: FTC letters 2020].
2023–2025, devices. After a 2023 inspection, the FDA's biologics centre warned O3UV LLC in July 2025 that its UV-and-ozone autohemotherapy systems, distributed to practitioners nationwide for autoimmune, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, lacked premarket approval and basic quality-system and adverse-event reporting procedures [source: FDA Warning Letter 2025].

How it caused harm

Delay or substitution of effective care. Marketing for infections, cancer, AIDS and COVID-19 invites people to rely on an unproven procedure [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016; FTC 2020]; NCCIH warns against unproven practices as substitutes [source: NCCIH]. Experts state its claims are unsubstantiated [source: Ernst and Lockey, quoted in Central Florida Public Media 2016]. An infectious-disease physician notes UV is generally immunosuppressive and worries about tissue damage [source: Crislip].
Procedure risks. Any procedure that removes and returns blood depends on sterile equipment and correct practice; experts described UBI as "probably harmless" only if needles are sterile [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016]. Unsafe blood handling in a non-medical setting has transmitted HIV (CDC report on an unlicensed spa's cosmetic blood procedure, analogous rather than UBI) [source: CBS News 2024]. FDA found one seller lacked complaint-handling and medical-device-reporting procedures, so injuries may go unrecorded [source: FDA 2025]. Combined ozone procedures carry the risks described in the ozone therapy entry. Specific published UBI injury and death reports [uncertain: not verified].
Research and consent harms. Patients reportedly treated in a study without being told [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016].
Financial harm. Repeated uninsured sessions and packages; one parent spent over US$29,000 in a year on a teenager's treatments [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016].
Psychological harm [synthesis]: false hope then despair, regret and guilt after delayed treatment, family conflict, and loss of trust when promised effects fail.
Most at risk [synthesis, informed by the claims above]: people with serious or life-threatening illness, chronic unexplained symptoms, health anxiety, children whose parents are desperate, people distrustful of medicine, and those with limited funds.

Recognising it today

Names: UBI, UVBI, ultraviolet blood therapy, BioPhotonic Therapy, "intravenous UV" or "IV light" therapy, Lumen therapy, intravenous or intranasal laser blood irradiation, EBOO, "full spectrum" UV-ozone systems [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016; FTC 2020; FDA 2025; Crislip].
Phrases and rationales: "the cure that time forgot" (title of a 2017 proponent review, widely reused) [source: Hamblin 2017]; "suppressed for decades"; detoxification, "immune boost", oxygenation; very long lists of unrelated conditions; claims that the device is "FDA approved"; "no side effects" [source: Central Florida Public Media 2016; Crislip].
Red flags in a clinic or colleague [synthesis]: offered for serious disease instead of standard treatment; packages and pressure to pre-pay; treatment framed as a "study" without a consent form or ethics-board contact; staff whose licence does not cover venous access; bundling with ozone and IV vitamins; discouraging the client from telling their doctor.
How legitimate procedures differ: extracorporeal photopheresis is a distinct hospital procedure combining a photosensitising drug with UVA light under specialist care [source: Hamblin 2017 contrasts the two]; legitimate procedures have regulatory clearance for a stated indication, are given under specialist supervision with research consent where experimental, and are coordinated with the patient's other doctors [synthesis].

What to do instead and how to help those harmed

Instead: the client's medical team for evaluation and evidence-based treatment of the underlying condition; palliative or supportive care where wanted; evidence-based psychological treatment for health anxiety and persistent physical symptoms (Domain II) [synthesis].
Assessment of affected clients [synthesis]: medical complications (route to a doctor), what was lost (time, money, treatment window), regret, guilt, shame, anger at the clinic or at self, family blame, trauma symptoms, and suicide risk where despair is marked.
Treatment [synthesis]: grief and regret work without blame; self-compassion for decisions made in fear; family sessions to reduce blame; help with financial recovery and complaints; rebuilding trust with medical care at the client's pace.
Ethical, reporting and legal duties: stay within scope and never endorse or sell; support reporting to the FDA (devices, injuries), the FTC (deceptive claims), state licensing boards (practitioners) and health departments (unsafe clinics) [source: FDA 2025; FTC 2020; NCCIH; CBS News 2024]; use the equivalent bodies elsewhere [uncertain: not verified]; follow child-protection law where a child is harmed or deprived of care; document carefully.

Sources

← Previous · XII-138Ozone therapy Next · XII-140 →Hydrogen peroxide therapy